Brainstem gliomas are cancerous tumors found in the area of the brain between the cerebral aqeduct and the fourth ventricle, known as the brainstem. Occuring more commonly in children, brainstem gliomas are primary brain tumors, meaning they rarely metastasize to other areas of the body. There are several ways to characterize these tumors, a few of which are as follows: origin, location, extent of growth, hemorage, and necrosis. A greater probability of survival has been found in gliomas located in the tectal and cervicomedullary areas. However, intrinsic pontine gliomas, as demonstrated in the image to the left, carry a greater risk.
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156030-media
MRI is typically the modality of choice when diagnosing a brainstem glioma. The patient will usually complain of and/or demostrate lack of facial control, double vision, headaches, nausea, vomiting, weakness, fatigue, and seizures. The onset of symptoms my be abrupt or gradual depending on the growth rate of the tumor; and symptoms may differ depending on location of the tumor. In older children, changes in speech and handwriting abilities may occur; whereas behavioral changes will likely be seen in all ages affected by this pathology.
Because of the location of these gliomas, neurosurgery is not often the treatment chosen. However, not all tumors are created equally and some are operable, as seen in the images below. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are the more common treatments in such cases. Clinical trials are being conducted to explore other methods of treatment, however due to the aggressiveness of these tumors the prognosis is grim. Even with treatment only 37% survive more than a year beyond diagnosis, while 20% survive two years, and a mere 13% survive three or more years. Though there is no known cause, brainstem gliomas account for roughly 10-20% of childhood brain tumors.
http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/anp/v63n1/23596f3.jpg
Information from: www.wikipedia.com;
Radiation from computerized tomography scans may cause cancer decades later, according to a study that estimated about 29,000 future malignancies would occur in the U.S. because of CT scans done in 2007.
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